Jun Ren
Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering
Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Sport and Exercise Sciences
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Sport and Exercise Sciences
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Sport and Exercise Sciences
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Department of Computer Science
Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement or ‘PPIE’ has become a wide-spread phenomenon in health and social care research. PPIE is considered the gold standard of research and is typically required by funding bodies (such as the NIHR) to access grant funding.